Yuman–Cochimí languages
Language family of the western US–Mexico border region
Yuman–Cochimí | |
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Yuman | |
Geographic
distribution |
Colorado River basin and Baja California |
Linguistic classification |
Hokan
?
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Subdivisions | |
Glottolog | coch1271 |
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Pre-contact distribution of Yuman–Cochimí languages
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The Yuman–Cochimí languages are a family of languages spoken in Baja California , northern Sonora , southern California , and western Arizona . Cochimí is no longer spoken as of the late 18th century, and most other Yuman languages are threatened.
Classification
There are approximately a dozen Yuman languages. The dormant Cochimí , attested from the 18th century, was identified after the rest of the family had been established, and was found to be more divergent. The resulting family was therefore called Yuman–Cochimí , with Yuman being the extra-Cochimí languages.
- Cochimí † (Northern Cochimí and Southern Cochimí may have been distinct languages)
- Kiliwa
-
Core Yuman
- Delta–California Yuman
- River Yuman
-
Pai
- Yavapai
-
Havasupai-Hualapai
(a.k.a. Northern Yuman)
- Hualapai dialect (a.k.a. Walapai)
- Havasupai dialect
- Paipai (a.k.a. Akwa'ala; possibly distinct from the Upland Yuman language only at the dialect level)
Cochimí is now dormant . Cucapá is the Spanish name for the Cocopa. Diegueño is the Spanish name for Ipai–Kumeyaay–Tipai, now often referred to collectively as Kumeyaay . Upland Yuman consists of several mutually intelligible dialects spoken by the politically distinct Yavapai, Hualapai, and Havasupai.
Proto-language
Proto-Yuman | |
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Reconstruction of | Yuman languages |
Lower-order reconstructions |
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Urheimat
Mauricio Mixco of the University of Utah points to a relative lack of reconstructible Proto-Yuman terms for aquatic phenomena as evidence against a coastal, lacustrine, or riverine Urheimat . [1]
Reconstruction
Proto-Yuman reconstructions by Mixco (1978): [2]
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gloss Proto-Yuman be *wi/*yu be located (sg) *wa belly *pxa; *p-xa big *tay bird *č-sa body hair *mi(ʔ) bone *ak breasts *ñ-maːy cat *-mi(ʔ) causative *x- chief man *-pa/*(ma) chief, lord *-pa/*ma cold *x-čur cry *mi(ʔ) dance *-ma(ʔ) daughter *p-čay die *pi die (sg) *pi do *wi/uːy do; make *wi/*uy dog *(č)-xat dove *k-wi(ʔ) drink *(č)-si; *si ? ear *ṣma(k)l ~ *ṣmal(k) earth, place *ʔ-mat eat (hard food) *č-aw eat (soft food) *ma extinguish *spa eye *yu(w) face *yu(w) (p)-xu fall *-nal father *n-ʔay; *-ta; *-ku ? feather *-waR fire *ʔ-ʔa(ː)w give *wi; *ʔi he *ña/*ya- head *ʔi(y) hear *kʷi(ː) heaven, sky *ʔ-ma(ʔ)y horn *kʷa ? hot *paR house *ʔ-wa(ʔ) husband *miːy imperative prefix *k- irrealis *-x(a) kill *pi leaf *ṣmak; *smaR lie (be prone) *yak locative *wa-l locative (illative) *-l locative (thither) *-m man, male *-miː(y); *maː(y) man, person *-pa/*ma mother *-tay; *-siy mountain lion *-miʔ tay mountain sheep *ʔ-mu(w) mouth *(y-)a name *maR navel *-pu neck/nape *iː-(m)puk ? non-present aspect *t nose *(p-)xu object, plural *pa object, unspec. (anim.) *ñ- perceive *kʷi possessive prefix (inal.) *ñ prefixes (trans.) *-, *m, *Ø priest *maː(y) pronominal prefixes (stative) *ñ, *m-, *w- pronominal subject *ʔ-, *m-, *Ø rabbit *pxar reed *xta relative pronoun *ña-/*ya relativizer *kʷ- salt *-ʔiR (< *s-ʔiR) say *ʔi shaman *-maː(y) sit *waː skunk *-xʷiw sleep *ṣma son (w.s.) *s-ʔaːw ? star *xmṣi subject suffix *-č; *-m sun, day *paR that *-ña/*-ya there *ña/*ya thing, something *ʔ-č third person *ña-/*ya this *p-u thorn *ʔ-ta(ː)t three *x-muk to blow *p-č/sul tongue *ʔimpal; *(y)pal; *-paR two *x-wak water *-xa(ʔ); *si we *ña-p wife *ku/*ki wing *waR woman *ki/*ku; *siñʔak word *maR yes *xaː
References
- ↑ Laylander, Don (2010). "Linguistic Prehistory and the Archaic-Late Transition in the Colorado Desert" . Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology . 30 (2): 141–155. ISSN 0191-3557 . JSTOR 23215446 .
- ↑ Mixco, Mauricio J. 1978. Cochimí and proto-Yuman: lexical and syntactic evidence for a new language family in Lower California. (Anthropological Papers / University of Utah, 101.) Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
Bibliography
- Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America . Oxford University Press.
- Goddard, Ives. (1996). "Introduction". In Languages , edited by Ives Goddard, pp. 1–16. Handbook of North American Indians , William C. Sturtevant, general editor, Vol. 17. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
- Kendall, Martha B. (1983). "Yuman languages". In Southwest , edited by Alfonso Ortiz, pp. 4–12. Handbook of North American Indians , William C. Sturtevant, general editor, Vol. 10. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
- Langdon, Margaret. (1990). "Diegueño: how many languages?" In Proceedings of the 1990 Hokan–Penutian Language Workshop , edited by James E. Redden, pp. 184–190. Occasional Papers in Linguistics No. 15. University of Southern Illinois, Carbondale.
- Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The Languages of Native North America . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X .
- Mixco, Mauricio J. (2006). "The indigenous languages". In The Prehistory of Baja California: Advances in the Archaeology of the Forgotten Peninsula , edited by Don Laylander and Jerry D. Moore, pp. 24–41.
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png)
- Comparative Yuman Swadesh vocabulary lists (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix )
Shastan | |||||||
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Palaihnihan | |||||||
Pomoan | |||||||
Yuman |
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Pakawan | |||||||
Tequistlatecan | |||||||
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Italics
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extinct languages
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