Sangiric languages
Subgroup of the Austronesian language family
Sangiric | |
---|---|
Geographic
distribution |
northern Sulawesi , Indonesia |
Linguistic classification |
Austronesian
|
Subdivisions | |
Glottolog | sang1335 |
The Sangiric languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken in North Sulawesi , Indonesia and several small islands to the north which belong to the Philippines . They are classified as a branch of the Philippine subgroup. [1]
Classification
The following classification scheme is from James Sneddon (1984:57). [2]
- North Sangiric
- South Sangiric
The North Sangiric languages are spoken in the Sangir and Talaud archipelagos of Indonesia just north of Sulawesi , as well as the Sarangani Islands of the Philippines just south of Mindanao . The South Sangiric languages are spoken in scattered locations on the northern tip of Sulawesi . Bantik is spoken in the Manado region, while Ratahan is spoken just south of Lake Tondano.
Reconstruction
Proto-Sangiric | |
---|---|
Reconstruction of | Sangiric languages |
Reconstructed
ancestors |
Proto-Sangiric (PSan) has been reconstructed by Sneddon (1984). [2]
Phonology
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | *i | *u | |
Mid | *e | *ə | *o |
Open | *a |
Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stop | voiceless | *p | *t | *k | *ʔ | |
voiced | *b | *d | *g | |||
Fricative | *s | |||||
Nasal | *m | *n | *ŋ | |||
Lateral | *l | |||||
Approximant | *w | *y | *R |
The exact phonetic nature of *R is unclear. Its reflexes are Sangil [r] , Sangir, Ratahan [h] , Talaud [ʒ ~ k:] , Bantik zero. Sneddon speculates that it may have been a coarticulated apical trill with velar friction, which is the usual realization of Sangil [r] .
Vocabulary
The comparison table (a small selection from Sneddon 1984 :61–114 ) illustrates the correspondences between the Sangiric languages, including inherited vocabulary as well as Sangiric innovations.
Words inherited from Proto-Austronesian (PAn) | |||||||
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Talaud | Sangir | Sangil | Bantik | Ratahan | PSan | PAn | Meaning |
biβikka | biβihəʔ | biβirəʔ | bíbihiʔ | βiβi | * bibiR | * bibiR | 'lip' |
tallu | təlu | taw | tulu | tulú | * təlu | * təlu | 'three' |
anumma | ənuŋ | nuŋ | nuŋ | num | * ənum | * ənəm | 'six' |
manuʔa | manuʔ | manuʔ | manuʔ | manuk | * manuk | * manuk | 'fowl' |
duʒi | duhi | duri | duhi | rui | * duRi | * duRi | 'bone' |
paɭ̆adda | paɭ̆edəʔ | paɭ̆edəʔ | páledeʔ | paler | * paled | * palaj | 'palm, sole' |
daɭ̆anna | daɭ̆eŋ | daɭ̆eŋ | daleŋ | ralen | * dalen | * zalan | 'road' |
Sangiric innovations | |||||||
Talaud | Sangir | Sangil | Bantik | Ratahan | PSan | PAn | Meaning |
inassa | kinaʔ | kinaʔ | kínasaʔ | kinas | * kinas | ( * Sikan ) | 'fish' |
deno | denoʔ | denoʔ | deno | reno | * deno | ( * diRus ) | 'bathe' |
ʒodo | horo | roro | hodow | ʰorow | * Rodaw | ( * Cazəm ) | 'sharp' |
See also
References
- ↑ Adelaar, K. Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus (2005). The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar . London: Routledge.
- 1 2 Sneddon, James N. (1984). "Proto-Sangiric and the Sangiric languages" . Pacific Linguistics . Canberra. doi : 10.15144/PL-B91 .
External links
- Sangiric at Ethnologue (23rd ed., 2020).
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