Rade language
Austronesian language spoken in Vietnam
Rade | |
---|---|
Klei Êđê | |
Native to | Vietnam |
Ethnicity | Rade |
Native speakers
|
180,000 in Vietnam (2007) [1] |
Austronesian
|
|
Latin | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 |
Either:
rad
–
Rade
ibh
–
Bih
|
Glottolog |
rade1240
Rade
biha1246
Bih
|
ELP | Bih |
Rade (Rhade; Rade: klei Êđê ; Vietnamese : tiếng Ê-đê or tiếng Ê Đê ) is an Austronesian language of southern Vietnam . There may be some speakers in Cambodia. It is a member of the Chamic subgroup , and is closely related to the Cham language of central Vietnam. [2]
Dialects
Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:24) [3] lists nine dialects of Rade. They are spoken mostly in Đắk Lắk Province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam.
- Kpă : spoken throughout Buôn Ma Thuột
- Krung : spoken in Ea H'leo and Krông Năng ; some Krung also live among the Jarai in Gia Lai Province
- Adham : spoken in Krông Buk , Krông Năng , and Ea H'leo
- Ktul : spoken in Krông Bông and the southern part of Krông Pắk
- Drao (Kơdrao): spoken in M'Đrăk (in the townships of Krông Jing, Cư M'Ta, and Ea Trang)
- Blô : spoken in M'Đrăk (small population)
- Êpan : spoken in M'Đrăk (small population)
- Mdhur : spoken in Ea Kar and M'Đrăk ; also in Gia Lai Province and Phu Yen Province
- Bih : spoken in Krông Ana and in the southern part of Buôn Ma Thuột
Bih , which has about 1,000 speakers, may be a separate language. [4] Tam Nguyen (2015) reported that there are only 10 speakers of Bih out of an ethnic population of about 400 people. [5]
A patrilineal Rade subgroup known as the Hmok or Hmok Pai is found in the Buôn Ma Thuột area (Phạm 2005:212). [6]
Classification
Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:23) [3] provides the following classification for the Rade dialects. Đoàn (1998) also provides a 1,000-word vocabulary list for all of the nine Rade dialects.
-
Area 1
- Area 1.1 : Krung, Kpă, Adham
- Area 1.2 : Drao. Êpan, Ktul
- Blô (mixture of areas 1.1 and 1.2, as well as Mdhur)
-
Area 2
- Mdhur
- Bih
Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:23) [3] assigns the following cognacy percentages for comparisons between Kpă and the other eight dialects of Rade, with Bih as the most divergent dialect.
- Kpă – Krung: 85.5%
- Kpă – Adham: 82%
- Kpă – Ktul: 82%
- Kpă – Mdhur: 80%
- Kpă – Blô: 82%
- Kpă – Êpan: 85%
- Kpă – Drao: 81%
- Kpă – Bih: 73%
Vocabulary
- Khoa sang – the most senior in age and authority
- Dega – Protestant of Christian (single word identity of E-de) [ clarification needed ]
- Ih – you
- Ung – husband
- Ñu – her/him
- Diñu – they
- Drei – we
- Khăp – love
- Bi êmut – hate
- idai – younger sibling
- ami – mom/mother
- yah – grandma/grandmother
- ae – grandma/grandfather
- Ama – father, dad daddy
- Jhat – ugly, bad
- Siam – pretty
- Siam mniê – beautiful girl
- Jăk – good
- Khăp – love
- Brei – give
- Djŏ – true
- Nao – go
- Kâo – I/me
- anăn – name
- Čar – country
- Čiăng – want/like
- Aê Diê – God
- Blŭ – speak
- Klei blŭ – language
- Bur – rice porridge
- Êmong – fat
- Êwang – skinny
- Jŭ – black
- Hriê/hrê – to be from
- Mơ̆ng – from
- Sa , dua , klâo , pă , êma – 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
- Năm , kjuh , sa-băn , dua-păn , pluh : 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
- Čar Mi/čar amêrik – America
- Čar Kŭr – Cambodia
- Anak – person
- Hriăm – learn
- Roă/ruă – sound of displeasure/pain
- Buôn Ama Y'Thuôt – Buôn Ma Thuôt [ clarification needed ]
- Čih – type/write
- Klei Mi – English
- Klei Êđê – Rade/Ede
- loo – A lot
- klei brang – French
Phonology
The spelling is shown in italics.
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
short | long | short | long | short | long | |
High | ĭ / i / | i /iː/ | ư̆ / ɨ / | ư /ɨː/ | ŭ / u / | u /uː/ |
Mid | ê̆ / e / | ê /eː/ | ơ̆ / ə / | ơ /əː/ | ô̆ / o / | ô /oː/ |
Low | ĕ / ɛ / | e /ɛː/ | ă / a / | a /aː/ | ŏ / ɔ / | o /ɔː/ |
- Vowels /ɨ ɨː, ə əː/ can also be heard as more centralized-back [ɯ̈ ɯ̈ː, ɤ̈ ɤ̈ː] .
Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m / m / | n / n / | ñ / ɲ / | ng / ŋ / | ||
Stop | voiceless | p / p / | t / t / | č / c / | k / k / | / ʔ / |
aspirated | ph / pʰ / | th / tʰ / | čh / cʰ / | kh / kʰ / | ||
voiced | b / b / | d / d / | j / ɟ / | g / ɡ / | ||
implosive | ƀ / ɓ / | đ / ɗ / | dj / ʄ / | |||
Fricative | s / s / | h / h / | ||||
Approximant | w / w / | l / l / | y / j / | |||
Rhotic | r / r / |
- /w/ can also be heard as a more bilabial [β̞] .
- Glottalized final consonant sounds /wʔ, jʔ, jh/ are heard only in final position. [7]
References
-
↑
Rade
at
Ethnologue
(18th ed., 2015)
(subscription required)
Bih at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ↑ "Rade (klei Êđê)" . Omniglot .
- 1 2 3 Đoàn, Văn Phúc (1998). Từ vựng các phương ngữ Êđê / Lexique des dialectes Êđê [ Vocabulary of Rade Dialects ] (in Vietnamese). Hanoi: Đại học quốc gia Hà Nội and École française d'Extrême-Orient.
- ↑ Nguyen, Tam (2013). A Grammar of Bih (PhD thesis). University of Oregon. hdl : 1794/12996 .
- ↑ Nguyen, Tam (2015). Language Endangerment Factors: A Case Study with Bih . Paper presented at SoLE-4, Payap University.
- ↑ Phâm, Côn Sơn (2005). Non nước Việt Nam: sắc nét trung bộ (in Vietnamese). Hanoi: Phương Đông Publishers.
- ↑ Đoàn 1993 .
Further reading
- Đoàn, Văn Phúc (1993). Ngữ âm tiếng Êđê [ Ede language phonetics ] (in Vietnamese). Hà Nội.
- Sở giáo dục và đào tạo tỉnh Đắk Lắk – Viện ngôn ngữ học Việt Nam (2012). Ngữ pháp tiếng Êđê [ Ede Grammar ] (in Vietnamese). Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản giáo dục Việt Nam.
- Ủy ban nhân dân tỉnh Đăk Lăk – Sở giáo dục – Đào tạo – Viện ngôn ngữ học Việt Nam (1993). Từ điển Việt – Êđê [ Vietnamese – Rade Dictionary ] (in Vietnamese). Đăk Lăk: Nhà xuất bản giáo dục.
- Linh, Nga Niê Kdam (2013). Nghệ thuật diễn xướng dân gian Ê Đê, Bih ở Dăk Lăk [ Rade and Bih Folk Performing Arts in Dak Lak ] (in Vietnamese). Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản Thời Đại. ISBN 978-604-930-599-3 .
- Tharp, James A.; Buon-ya, Y.-Bham (1980). A Rhade–English Dictionary with English-Rhade Finderlist . Pacific Linguistics Series C – No. 58. Canberra: The Australian National University. doi : 10.15144/PL-C58 . hdl : 1885/144435 . ISBN 978-0-85883-217-6 .
External links
- Alphabet and pronunciation
- ELAR archive of Documenting Bih
- Waddington, Ray. "Indigenous Peoples of the World – The Ede" . www.peoplesoftheworld.org . Retrieved 2019-11-21 .
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Vietnamese sign languages |
Acehnese | |
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Coastal Cham | |
Highlands Cham |