Kedah Malay
Malay dialect of northwestern Malaysia and Thailand
Kedah Malay | |
---|---|
بهاس ملايو قدح
ภาษามลายูไทรบุรี |
|
Pelat Utagha
Bahasa Melayu Kedah, Bahasa Melayu Utara |
|
Native to | Malaysia , Thailand , Myanmar and Indonesia |
Region | Kedah , Pulau Pinang , Perlis , northern Perak ( Kerian , Manjung , Larut, Matang and Selama ), Trang , Satun , Ranong , Tanintharyi , Langkat , Aceh |
Ethnicity |
Kedahan Malays
Thai Malays Burmese Malays Jaring Halus Malays |
Native speakers
|
2.6 million (2004) [1] |
Austronesian
|
|
Dialects |
|
Latin script , Arabic script , Thai script | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 |
meo
|
Glottolog |
keda1251
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This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA . |
Kedah Malay or Kedahan ( Malay : bahasa Melayu Kedah ); also known as Pelat Utara or Loghat Utara ('Northern Dialect') or as it is known in Thailand, Syburi Malay ( Thai : ภาษามลายูไทรบุรี ) is a language variety of the Malayic languages mainly spoken in the northwestern Malaysian states of Perlis , Kedah , Penang , and northern Perak and in the southern Thai provinces of Trang and Satun . The usage of Kedah Malay was historically prevalent in southwestern Thailand before being superseded by the Thai language . Enclaves of Kedah Malay can be found in Kawthaung District in Myanmar ; Ranong and Krabi in upper southern Thailand; Jaring Halus, Langkat and Aceh in Sumatra , Indonesia and up north in Bangkok , central Thailand, where most of the Kedah Malay speakers are descendants of historical settlers from Kedah. [2]
Kedah Malay can be divided into several dialects, namely Kedah Persisiran ( Littoral Kedah; which is the de facto prestige dialect of Kedah Malay), Kedah Utara (Northern Kedah), Perlis - Langkawi , Penang and some others outside Malaysia. [3] Speakers in Trang as well as Satun are heavily influenced by the Thai language. However in the district of Baling , they speak a different variant more closely related to Kelantan-Patani Malay than it is to Kedah Malay. [4]
Phonology
Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Dorsal | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | p b | t d | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | k ɡ |
Fricative | s | h | ||
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ |
Trill | r | |||
Semivowel | l | j | w |
Note(s):
-
Word initially:
-
/r/
is pronounced as the velar fricative
[ɣ]
in the syllable onset.
[5]
- In certain loan words, /r/ is pronounced as an alveolar trill [r] such as in market [market] 'market'.
-
/r/
is pronounced as the velar fricative
[ɣ]
in the syllable onset.
[5]
-
Word finally:
- Following /i/ , velar nasal /ŋ/ is neutralised to /n/ , so kucing /kut͡ʃiŋ/ 'cat' and kuning /kuniŋ/ 'yellow' are pronounced [kut͡ʃen] and [kunen] though the final consonant is still underlyingly /ŋ/ as can be seen from the derived forms of these words such as kekuningan /kəkuniŋan/ 'yellowness' [kəkuniŋan] which still retains the [ŋ] . [6]
-
/s/
is neutralised to
/h/
, so
kurus
/kurus/
'thin' is pronounced
[kuroh]
.
[6]
[7]
- After /a/ , this /s/ is palatalised, so panas /panas/ 'hot' is pronounced [panaʲh] .
- /r/ is realised as a pharyngeal fricative [ʕ] so lapar /lapar/ 'hungry' is pronounced [lapaʕ] . [5]
Vowels
Monophthongs
Kedah Malay has eight monophthongs , unlike Standard Malay which has six with /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ not having phonemic status. [8] [9]
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Close-Mid | e | ə | o |
Open-Mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
Open | a |
Note(s):
- In open-ended final syllables and before a glottal stop (allophone of /k/ in the syllable coda) also in final syllables, /a/ is realised as [ɒ] , so anak /anak/ 'son/daughter' and paksa /paksa/ 'to force' are pronounced [anɒʔ] and [paʔsɒ] .
Diphthongs
Kedah Malay has four diphthongs /ai, au, oi, ui/ with /ui/ being a surplus diphthong that does not exist in Standard Malay. [10]
Comparison with Standard Malay
Below is a comparison between Kedah Malay and Standard Malay. [11]
Sound | Position |
Kedah Malay
correspondence |
Example
(Standard Malay ≙ Kedah Malay) |
||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
/il/ | Word-final syllable | /e/ | katil /katil/ 'bed' | ≙ | /kate/ |
/el/ | /ɛ/ | comel /t͡ʃomel/ 'cute' | /t͡ʃomɛ/ | ||
/oh/ | /o/ | bodoh /bodoh/ 'stupid' | /bodo/ | ||
/o/ | Both syllables of two-syllable words | /ɔ/ | sotong /sotoŋ/ 'squid' | /sɔtɔŋ/ | |
First syllable of certain two-syllable words | /u/ | boleh /boleh/ 'can' | /buleh/ | ||
/i.a/ | Anywhere | /a/ | siapa /si.apa/ 'who' | /sapa/ | |
/ɛ/ | biasa /bi.asa/ 'normal' | /bɛsa/ | |||
/u.a/ | /o/ | laut /la.ut/ 'sea' | /lot/ | ||
/ɔ/ | kuala /ku.ala/ 'estuary' | /kɔla/ |
Vocabulary
Kedah Malay | Standard Malay | English Translation |
---|---|---|
hang | awak/kamu/kau | 'you' (singular) |
hangpā/ampa | kalian | 'you' (plural) |
cek/aq | saya/aku | 'I' |
cek | saya | 'I' (young to old) |
cek | kamu | 'you' (old to young) |
depa | mereka | 'they' |
sépā (In a few certain areas) / kitorang | kami | 'we' (exclusive) |
Kedah Malay | Standard Malay | English Translation |
---|---|---|
siapa , sapa | siapa/siapakah | 'who' |
apa , pa | apa/apakah | 'what' |
bila | bila/bilakah | 'when' |
cemana , lagu mana | bagaimana / bagaimanakah | 'how' |
mana | mana | 'where' |
pasai pa
,
awat
,
rokpa
,
buat pa , sebab pa |
mengapa | 'how' |
berapa , bapa | berapa | 'how much' |
Kedah Malay | Standard Malay | English Translation |
---|---|---|
camca | sudu | 'spoon' |
habaq | cakap | 'talk' |
mai | datang , mari | 'come' |
mau | nak | 'want' |
lorat | susah | 'difficult' |
lā , lāni | sekarang | 'now' |
lagu | macam | 'sort' |
cabai | cili/lada | 'chilli' |
hakap | tamak | 'greedy' |
pi | pergi | 'go' |
sat | sebentar , sekejap | 'one second' |
mengkalā | bila , apabila | 'when' |
ketegaq | degil , keras kepala | 'naughty' |
geghék | basikal | 'bicycle' |
mertun | tukul | 'hammer' |
lempaq | baling | 'throw' |
menghabat | memanjat | 'climb' |
ligan | kejar | 'chase' |
loq laq | tak senonoh | 'indecent' |
ketit | gigit kecil | 'bite softly' |
tokok | gigit | 'bite' |
berlemuih | comot | 'messy' |
cemuih | bosan | 'bored' |
References
Citations
- ↑ Kedah Malay at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ↑ Asmah Haji Omar 2017 , p. 38.
- ↑ See Malayan languages for a comparison between Kedah Persisiran and Penang dialects.
- ↑ Mohd Noor Aswad 2019 .
- 1 2 Shahidi A. H. 2009 , pp. 309–311.
- 1 2 Ajid Che Kob 1997 , pp. 40–42.
- ↑ Shahidi A. H. 2009 , pp. 310–311.
- ↑ Yunisrina Qismullah Yusuf et al. 2021 , p. 78-80.
- ↑ Shahidi A. H. 2009 , pp. 305–308.
- ↑ Yunisrina Qismullah Yusuf et al. 2021 , pp. 81–82.
- ↑ Yunisrina Qismullah Yusuf et al. 2021 , pp. 68–69.
- 1 2 Strife 2007 .
- ↑ Fazal Mohamed Mohamed Sultan & Nurulafiqah Suhaimi 2012 , p. 490.
Bibliography
- Fazal Mohamed Mohamed Sultan; Nurulafiqah Suhaimi (2012). "Kata Soal Dalam Dialek Kedah" [ WH Questions in Kedah Dialect ] . GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies (in Malay). 12 (2): 475–493.
- Nurul Shahida Jamil; Maslida Yusof (2015). "Analisis Deiksis Dialek Kedah" . GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies (in Malay). 15 (1): 163–187. doi : 10.17576/GEMA-2015-1501-10 .
- Shahidi A. H. (2009). "Alternasi Dalam Fonologi Subdialek Kedah Utara" . Jurnal Bahasa (in Malay). 9 (2): 302–325.
- Yunisrina Qismullah Yusuf; Stefanie Pillai; W. A. Wan Aslynn; Roshidah binti Hassan (2021). "Vowel Production in Standard Malay and Kedah Malay Spoken in Malaysia" . Linguistics International Journal . 15 (1): 65–93.
- Asmah Haji Omar (2017). "Language in Kedah in Late 19th Century-Language Situation in a Malay State in Late 19th Century" . Malaysian Journal of Languages and Linguistics . 6 (2): 36–47. doi : 10.24200/mjll.vol6iss2pp36-47 .
-
Ajid Che Kob (1997).
"Word Final Nasal in Malay Dialects"
. In Odé, Cecilia; Stokhof, Wim (eds.).
Proceedings of Seventh International Conference on Austronesian
. Amsterdam: Rodopi. pp.
35–43.
ISBN
9789042002531
.
{{ cite book }}
: CS1 maint: url-status ( link ) - Mohd Noor Aswad (2 November 2019). "Getting to know the unique Baling dialect" . New Straits Times . Retrieved 9 February 2022 .
-
Strife, Fiq (2 November 2007).
"Kamus Dialek Melayu-Kedah"
[
Kedah Malay Dialect Dictionary
]
.
Dunia Melayu Kedah
(in Malay)
. Retrieved
22 May
2021
.
{{ cite web }}
: CS1 maint: url-status ( link )
External links
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