Central Kalapuya language
Extinct Native American language formerly spoken in Oregon
Central Kalapuya | |
---|---|
Native to | United States |
Region | Northwest Oregon |
Extinct |
c. 1954
[1]
with the death of John B. Hudson [2] |
Kalapuyan
|
|
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 |
kyl
|
Glottolog |
kala1400
|
Central Kalapuyan was a Kalapuyan language indigenous to the central and southern Willamette Valley in Oregon in the United States . It was spoken by various bands of the Kalapuya peoples who inhabited the valley up through the middle of the 19th century. The language is closely related to Northern Kalapuya , spoken in the Tualatin and Yamhill valleys. Dialects of Central Kalapuya that have been identified include:
- Ahantchuyuk dialect, spoken in the northeastern Willamette Valley along the Pudding and Molalla rivers
- Santiam dialect, spoken in the central Willamette Valley along the lower Santiam River
- Luckiamute dialect, spoken in the central Willamette Valley along the Luckiamute River
- Chepenafa dialect, spoken in the central Willamette Valley along Marys River
- Chemapho dialect, spoken in the central Willamette Valley along Muddy Creek
- Chelamela dialect, spoken in the southwestern Willamette Valley along the Long Tom River
- Tsankupi dialect, spoken in the southeastern Willamette Valley along the Calapooia River
- Winefelly-Mohawk dialects, spoken in the southeastern Willamette Valley along the McKenzie , Mohawk , and Coast Fork Willamette rivers
Phonology
The phonology of the Santiam dialect, as described by Jacobs (1945) and analyzed by Banks (2007), is listed below. [3] [4] Banks notes that Jacobs' analysis does not rigorously account for allophonic variation, and that, according to Jacobs, there may have been some interchangeability between the velar and uvular series. [4]
Consonants
Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | sibilant | lateral | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | ||||
Plosive
/
Affricate |
plain | p | t | ts | tʃ | k | kʷ | q | qʷ | ʔ | ||
aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | tsʰ | tʃʰ | kʰ | kʷʰ | qʰ | qʷʰ | ||||
ejective | pʼ | tʼ | tsʼ | tʃʼ | kʼ | kʷʼ | qʼ | qʷʼ | ||||
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||||||
Fricative | ɸ | s | ɬ | ʃ | x | χ | h | hʷ | ||||
Approximant | l | j | w |
The nasals [ m ] and [ n ] likely had syllabic forms: [ m̩ ] and [ n̩ ] . Jacobs possibly notes that the plosives also have voiced allophones, as [ b ] , [ d ] , [ ɡ ] , [ ɡʷ ] , [ ɢ ] , and [ ɢʷ ] . Banks also notes that /h/, /hʷ/, /dz/, /dʒ/, and /ɸʷ/ may have been allophones. [4]
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Open-mid | æ ~ ɛ | ɔ | |
Open | a |
Santiam Kalapuya had three diphthongs: [ai], [au], and [ui]. Vowel length may have been phonemic, /ɔ/ may have been an allophone of /u/. [4]
References
- ↑ Central Kalapuya at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ↑ Wurm, Stephen A.; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tryon, Darrell T. (1996). Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas . ISBN 9783110134179 .
- ↑ Jacobs, Melville (1945). Kalapuya Texts . Seattle: University of Washington Press.
- 1 2 3 4 Banks, Jonathan (2007). "The Verbal Morphology of Santiam Kalapuya" . Northwest Journal of Linguistics . 1 (2): 1–98 . Retrieved 1 January 2016 .
External links
- The Verbal Morphology of Santiam Kalapuya (Northwest Journal of Linguistics)
Chinookan | |
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Plateau | |
Takelma | |
Kalapuyan | |
Coast Oregon | |
Wintuan | |
Maiduan | |
Yok-Utian | |
Tsimshianic | |
Italics
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extinct languages
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Native peoples of Oregon history
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