Sino-Korean vocabulary
Korean words of Chinese origin
Sino-Korean vocabulary or Hanja-eo ( Korean : 한자어 ; Hanja : 漢字 語 ) refers to Korean words of Chinese origin. Sino-Korean vocabulary includes words borrowed directly from Chinese, as well as new Korean words created from Chinese characters , and words borrowed from Sino-Japanese vocabulary . Many of these terms were borrowed during the height of Chinese-language literature on Korean culture. Subsequently, many of these words have also been truncated or altered for the Korean language.
Estimates of the percentage of Sino-Korean ranges from as low as 30% [1] to as high as 70%. [2] According to the Standard Korean Language Dictionary published by the National Institute of Korean Language (NIKL), Sino-Korean represents approximately 57% of the Korean vocabulary. [3]
History
The use of Chinese and Chinese characters in Korea dates back to at least 194 BCE . While Sino-Korean words were widely used during the Three Kingdoms period, they became even more popular during the Silla period. During this time, male aristocrats changed their given names to Sino-Korean names. Additionally, the government changed all official titles and place names in the country to Sino-Korean. [4]
Sino-Korean words remained popular during the Goryeo and Joseon periods. [4] Ultimately, the majority of Sino-Korean words were introduced before 1945, including Sino-Japanese words themselves that were introduced to Korea during Japanese Occupation . [5] In the contemporary era, Sino-Korean vocabulary has continued to grow in South Korea , where the meanings of Chinese characters are used to produce new words in Korean that do not exist in Chinese. By contrast, North Korean policy has called for many Sino-Korean words to be replaced by native Korean terms. [6]
Usage
Sino-Korean words constitute a large portion of South Korean vocabulary, the remainder being native Korean words and loanwords from other languages, such as Japanese and English to a lesser extent. Sino-Korean words are typically used in formal or literary contexts, [5] and to express abstract or complex ideas. [7]
All Korean surnames and most Korean given names are Sino-Korean. [4] Additionally, Korean numerals can be expressed with Sino-Korean and native Korean words, though each set of numerals has different purposes. [7]
Sino-Korean words may be written either in the Korean alphabet, known as Hangul , or in Chinese characters, known as Hanja . [8]
Examples
Words borrowed from Chinese
Sino-Korean words borrowed directly from Chinese come mainly from Chinese classics , literature , and colloquial Chinese. [6]
Word | Korean ( RR ) | Hanja | Hanja meaning | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
parents | 부모 (bumo) | 父母 | "father mother" | [9] |
student | 학생 (haksaeng) | 學生 | "study student" | [10] |
sun | 태양 (taeyang) | 太陽 | "great light" | [11] |
question | 질문 (jilmun) | 質問 | "background ask" | [12] |
Words created in Korea using Chinese characters
These words below were created in Korea using Chinese characters. They are not used in China, Japan, nor Vietnam.
Definition | Korean | Revised Romanization | Hanja |
---|---|---|---|
false; rumor; canard | 낭설 | nangseol | 浪說 |
marital compatibility; well-suited; well-matched | 궁합 | gunghap | 宮合 |
common cold | 감기 | gamgi | 感氣 |
deceptive; trickster | 고단수 | godansu | 高段數 |
hardship; trouble; suffering | 고생 | gosaeng | 苦生 |
notebook | 공책 | gongchaek | 空冊 |
determiner (grammar); prenoun | 관형사 | gwanhyeongsa | 冠形詞 |
prison; penitentiary | 교도소 | gyodoso | 矯導所 |
assortment (of goods) | 구색 | gusaek | 具色 |
a joke | 농담 | nongdam | 弄談 |
unity; join; combine | 단합 | danhap | 團合 |
reply; response; answer | 답장 | dapjang | 答狀 |
fortune; lucky | 다행 | dahaeng | 多幸 |
cod(fish) | 대구 | daegu | 大口 |
mass transportation; public transit | 대중교통 | daejung-gyotong | 大衆交通 |
site; land mass | 대지 | daeji | 垈地 |
indebtedness | 덕분 | deokbun | 德分 |
subcontract | 도급 | dogeup | 都給 |
unmarried young man; bachelor; youngster | 도령 | doryeong | 道令 |
flu; influenza | 독감 | dokgam | 毒感 |
same age | 동갑 | donggap | 同甲 |
sense of kinship | 동질감 | dongjilgam | 同質感 |
beer | 맥주 | maekju | 麥酒 |
pollock | 명태 | myeongtae | 明太 |
(national) holiday | 명절 | myeongjeol | 名節 |
business card containing name | 명함 | myeongham | 名銜 |
carpenter | 목수 | moksu | 木手 |
extinction; annihilation | 몰사 | molsa | 沒死 |
massacre; slaughter; extermination | 몰살 | molsal | 沒殺 |
hibiscus | 무궁화 | mugunghwa | 無窮花 |
visit to sick person | 문병 | munbyeong | 問病 |
questioning; interrogating | 문초 | muncho | 問招 |
uneasy; uncomfortable; to be apologetic | 미안 | mian | 未安 |
public harm | 민폐 | minpye | 民弊 |
sitting cushion; sitting mat | 방석 | bangseok | 方席 |
lottery ticket | 복권 | bokgwon | 福券 |
real estate agency | 복덕방 | bokdeokbang | 福德房 |
off-season; slow season | 비수기 | bisugi | 非需期 |
ice rink | 빙상장 | bingsangjang | 氷上場 |
cemetery; grave; tomb | 산소 | sanso | 山所 |
fish (specifically prepared as food) | 생선 | saengseon | 生鮮 |
stone mason | 석수 | seoksu | 石手 |
present; gift | 선물 | seonmul | 膳物 |
peak season; busy season | 성수기 | seongsugi | 盛需期 |
(your) name | 성함 | seongham | 姓銜 |
sexual harassment | 성희롱 | seonghuirong | 性戲弄 |
duty; responsibility; task | 소임 | soim | 所任 |
precious; valuable | 소중 | sojung | 所重 |
trip; picnic; excursion | 소풍 | sopung | 逍風 |
cheque | 수표 | supyo | 手票 |
beginning of; start of; embark upon | 시작 | sijak | 始作 |
earnestly request | 신신당부 | sinsindangbu | 申申當付 |
child actor or actress | 아역 | ayeok | 兒役 |
seize; distrainment; sequestration | 압류 | amnyu (apryu) | 押留 |
bad term; grudge | 앙숙 | angsuk | 怏宿 |
uproar; clamor; commotion | 야단 | yadan | 惹端 |
socks | 양말 | yangmal | 洋襪 |
heartlessness; mercilessness | 야박 | yabak | 野薄 |
as expected; also | 역시 | yeoksi | 亦是 |
yellow-green; light green | 연두 | yeondu | 軟豆 |
alien; extraterrestrial | 외계인 | oegyein | 外界人 |
native speaker | 원어민 | woneomin | 原語民 |
exclave | 월경지 | wolgyeongji | 越境地 |
beginning; commencing | 위시 | wisi | 爲始 |
lean on; depend on; rely on | 의지 | uiji | 依支 |
move; relocate | 이사 | isa | 移徙 |
rice-planting machine | 이앙기 | ianggi | 移秧機 |
behalf | 자기편 | jagipyeon | 自己便 |
determination; decision; plan | 작정 | jakjeong | 作定 |
gloves; mittens | 장갑 | janggap | 掌匣 / 掌甲 |
lease; charter | 전세 | jeonse | 專貰 |
procedure (for); process (of); steps; proceedings | 절차 | jeolcha | 節次 |
lovers' talk | 정담 | jeongdam | 情談 |
identity | 정체성 | jeongcheseong | 正體性 |
bakery; bakeshop | 제과점 | jegwajeom | 製菓店 |
gas station | 주유소 | juyuso | 注油所 |
kettle | 주전자 | jujeonja | 酒煎子 |
sorry; pardon; regrettable | 죄송 | joesong | 罪悚 |
purse; wallet | 지갑 | jigap | 紙匣 |
order; turn; table of contents | 차례 | charye | 次例 |
bookstore | 책방 | chaekbang | 冊房 |
window | 창문 | changmun | 窓門 |
ceiling | 천장 | cheonjang | 天障 |
wedding invitation | 청첩장 | cheongcheopjang | 請牒狀 |
elementary school | 초등학교 | chodeung-hakgyo | 初等學校 |
elementary school student | 초등학생 | chodeung-haksaeng | 初等學生 |
spring fatigue | 춘곤증 | chungonjeung | 春困症 |
release; launch | 출시 | chulsi | 出市 |
stairs; stairway; staircase | 층계 | cheunggye | 層階 |
friend | 친구 | chingu | 親舊 |
spring of clock; clockwork | 태엽 | taeyeop | 胎葉 |
consilience | 통섭 | tongseop | 統攝 |
convenience store | 편의점 | pyeoneuijeom | 便宜店 |
letter; epistle | 편지 | pyeonji | 便紙 |
a visit; a trip; travelling | 행차 | haengcha | 行次 |
brag; bluff; boast | 허풍 | heopung | 虛風 |
cash | 현찰 | hyeonchal | 現札 |
circumstances; conditions | 형편 | hyeongpyeon | 形便 |
go crazy; be out of one's mind | 환장 | hwanjang | 換腸 |
change of seasons; in-between seasons | 환절기 | hwanjeolgi | 換節期 |
Words borrowed from Sino-Japanese
Sino-Korean words borrowed from Sino-Japanese are used only in Korean and Japanese, not in Chinese. [6]
Word | Hangul ( RR ) | Hanja | Hanja meaning [4] | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
airplane | 비행기 (bihaenggi) | 飛行機 | "fly go machine" | [13] |
movie | 영화 (yeonghwa) | 映畫 | "shine picture" | [14] |
Phonetic correspondences
Initial consonants
Middle Chinese | Sino-Korean [15] [16] | |
---|---|---|
Labials | 幫 p | p/pʰ [lower-alpha 1] |
滂 pʰ | ||
並 b | ||
明 m | m | |
Dentals | 端 t | t/tʰ [lower-alpha 1] [lower-alpha 2] |
透 tʰ | ||
定 d | ||
泥 n | n | |
來 l | l | |
Retroflex stops | 知 ʈ | t/tʰ [lower-alpha 1] [lower-alpha 3] |
徹 ʈʰ | ||
澄 ɖ | ||
Dental sibilants | 精 ts | tɕ/tɕʰ [lower-alpha 1] |
清 tsʰ | ||
從 dz | ||
心 s | s | |
邪 z | ||
Retroflex sibilants | 莊 ʈʂ | tɕ/tɕʰ [lower-alpha 1] |
初 ʈʂʰ | ||
崇 ɖʐ | s/tɕ/tɕʰ [lower-alpha 1] | |
生 ʂ | s | |
Palatals | 章 tɕ | tɕ/tɕʰ [lower-alpha 1] |
昌 tɕʰ | ||
禪 dʑ | s | |
書 ɕ | ||
船 ʑ | ||
日 ɲ | z > ∅ | |
Velars | 見 k | k/h |
溪 kʰ | ||
群 ɡ | k | |
疑 ŋ | ŋ > ∅ | |
Laryngeals | 影 ʔ | ʔ > ∅ |
曉 x | h | |
匣 ɣ |
Final consonants
The Middle Chinese final consonants were semivowels (or glides ) /j/ and /w/, nasals /m/, /n/ and /ŋ/, and stops /p/, /t/ and /k/. Sino-Korean preserves all the distinctions between final nasals and stops. Although Old Korean had a /t/ coda, words with the Middle Chinese coda /t/ have /l/ in Sino-Korean, reflecting a northern variety of Late Middle Chinese in which final /t/ had weakened to /r/. [18] [19]
Middle Chinese | Sino-Korean [20] |
---|---|
-m | m |
-n | n |
-ng | ŋ |
-p | p |
-t | l |
-k | k |
See also
References
- ↑ Kim, Jin-su (2009-09-11). 우리말 70%가 한자말? 일제가 왜곡한 거라네 [ Our language is 70% hanja? Japanese Empire distortion ] . The Hankyoreh (in Korean) . Retrieved 2009-09-11 . The dictionary mentioned is 우리말 큰 사전 . Seoul: Hangul Hakhoe. 1992. OCLC 27072560 .
- ↑ 허철 (June 2010). "Examination how many using compound of chinese character words and investigate the frequency of use by using analysis of Modern Korean words 1, 2" . Journal of Chinese Characters Education in Korea . null (34): 221–244. doi : 10.17963/ccek.2010..34.221 . ISSN 1225-1321 .
- ↑ Choo, Miho; O'Grady, William (1996). Handbook of Korean Vocabulary: An Approach to Word Recognition and Comprehension . University of Hawaii Press. pp. ix. ISBN 0824818156 .
- 1 2 3 4 Sohn, Ho-Min (2006). Korean Language in Culture And Society . University of Hawaii Press. pp. 44–55. ISBN 0824826949 .
- 1 2 Choo, Miho (2008). Using Korean: A Guide to Contemporary Usage . Cambridge University Press. pp. 85–92. ISBN 978-1139471398 .
- 1 2 3 Lee, Peter H. (2003). A History of Korean Literature . Cambridge University Press. pp. 21–25. ISBN 1139440861 .
- 1 2 Byon, Andrew Sangpil (2017). Modern Korean Grammar: A Practical Guide . Taylor & Francis. pp. 3–18. ISBN 978-1351741293 .
- ↑ Choo, Miho; O'Grady, William (1996). Handbook of Korean Vocabulary: An Approach to Word Recognition and Comprehension . University of Hawaii Press. pp. ix. ISBN 0824818156 .
- ↑ "父母" . Naver Hanja Dictionary (in Korean) . Retrieved 2018-02-19 .
- ↑ "學生" . Naver Hanja Dictionary (in Korean) . Retrieved 2018-02-19 .
- ↑ "太陽" . Naver Hanja Dictionary (in Korean) . Retrieved 2018-02-19 .
- ↑ "質問" . Naver Hanja Dictionary (in Korean) . Retrieved 2018-02-19 .
- ↑ "飛行機" . Naver Hanja Dictionary (in Korean) . Retrieved 2018-02-19 .
- ↑ "映畫" . Naver Hanja Dictionary (in Korean) . Retrieved 2018-02-19 .
- ↑ Miyake (2004) , pp. 119–122. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMiyake2004 ( help )
- ↑ Qian (2018) , pp. 104. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFQian2018 ( help )
- ↑ Miyake (2004) , p. 115. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMiyake2004 ( help )
- ↑ Lee & Ramsey (2011) , p. 69. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFLeeRamsey2011 ( help )
- ↑ Miyake (2004) , p. 113. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMiyake2004 ( help )
- ↑ Miyake (2004) , pp. 113, 116. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMiyake2004 ( help )
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 In early prescriptive dictionaries, Middle Chinese aspirates always yield Sino-Korean aspirates, but in actual pronunciation aspiration is unpredictable. [17]
- ↑ In Modern Sino-Korean, dentals [t]/[tʰ] preceding a palatal approximant [j] become palatalized as [tɕ]/[tɕʰ], respectively, e.g. 田: ttyen > cen , 定: ttyeng > ceng .
- ↑ In Modern Sino-Korean, dentals [t]/[tʰ] preceding a palatal approximant [j] become palatalized as [tɕ]/[tɕʰ], respectively, e.g. 田: ttyen > cen , 定: ttyeng > ceng .
Chinese language
loan vocabularies
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