Luri language
Iranian language
Luri | |
---|---|
Northern:
زون لری
Southern: لری |
|
"Luri" written in both Northern Luri and Southern Luri in the
Perso-Arabic script
with the
Nastaliq
font
|
|
Pronunciation | IPA: [loriː] |
Native to | Iran ; a few villages in eastern Iraq [1] [2] |
Region | Southern Zagros Mountains |
Ethnicity | Lurs |
Native speakers
|
(undated figure of 4–5 million) [3] [4] |
Dialects |
|
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 |
Variously:
lrc
–
Northern Luri
bqi
–
Bakhtiari
luz
–
Southern Luri
|
Glottolog |
luri1252
|
Luri ( Northern Luri : لری , Southern Luri : لری ) is a Southwestern Iranian language continuum spoken by the Lur people , an Iranian people native to Western Asia . The Luri dialects are descended from Middle Persian and are Central Luri, Bakhtiari , [3] [5] and Southern Luri. [3] [5] This language is spoken mainly by the Bakhtiari and Southern Lurs ( Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad , Mamasani , Sepidan , Bandar Ganaveh , Bandar Deylam ) [6] in Iran .
History
Luri is the closest living language to Archaic and Middle Persian. [7] The language descends from Middle Persian (Parsig). [3] [8] It belongs to the Persid or Southern Zagros group , and is lexically similar to modern Persian, differing mainly in phonology. [9]
According to the Encyclopædia Iranica , "All Lori dialects closely resemble standard Persian and probably developed from a stage of Persian similar to that represented in Early New Persian texts written in Perso-Arabic script. The sole typical Lori feature not known in early New Persian or derivable from it is the inchoative marker (see below), though even this is found in Judeo-Persian texts". [10] The Bakhtiāri dialect may be closer to Persian. [11] There are two distinct languages, Greater Luri ( Lor-e bozorg ), a.k.a. Southern Luri (including Bakhtiari dialect), and Lesser Luri ( Lor-e kuček ), a.k.a. Northern Luri. [10]
Geography
This section
needs expansion
. You can help by
adding to it
.
(
December 2020
)
|
Northern Luri
Luri dialects (Northern Luri (or Central Luri), Shuhani and Hinimini) are as a group the second largest language in Ilam province (around 14.59% of the population), mostly spoken in villages in the southern parts of the province. [12] Around 21.24% of Hamadan province speak Northern Luri. [13]
Bakhtiari
The Bakhtiari dialect is the main first language in the province of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari (around 61.82% ), except around Sharekord , Borujen , Ben and Saman counties, where Persian, Turkic and Chaharmahali dialect predominate. [14] Around 7.15% of Isfahan province speak Bakhtiari. [15]
Statistics
Province [16] | Luri-speakers | % | Note |
---|---|---|---|
Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari | 520,000 | 61.82% | Bakhtiyari dialect |
Gilan | 2,600 | 0.25% | |
Hamadan | 370,000 | 21.24% | Northern Luri |
Ilam | 78,300 | 14.59% | Hinimini, Shuhani and Northern Luri |
Isfahan | 350,000 | 7.15% | Bakhtiyari dialect |
Internal classification
The language consists of Central Luri, Bakhtiari , and Southern Luri. [2] Central Luri is spoken in northern parts of Luri communities including eastern, central and northern parts of Luristan province, southern parts of Hamadan province mainly in Malayer , Nahavand and Tuyserkan counties, southern regions of Ilam province and southeastern parts of Markazi province . Bakhtiari is used by Bakhtiari people in South Luristan , Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, significant regions in north and east of Khouzestan and western regions of Isfahan province . Finally, Southern Luri is spoken throughout Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, and in western and central regions in Fars province , northern and western parts of Bushehr province and southeastern regions of Khouzestan . Several Luri communities are spread sporadically across the Iranian Plateau e.g. Khorasan (Beyranvand and Bakhtiari Luri descendants), Kerman , Guilan and Tehran provinces. [17] [9]
Phonology
Vowels
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
Close | iː | uː |
ɪ | ʊ | |
Mid | ɛ | ɔ |
Open | a ~ æ 1 | ɑː |
Consonants
Labial |
Dental
/
Alveolar |
Palato-
alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stop
/
Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | t͡ʃ | k | q | ʔ 4 | |
voiced | b | d | d͡ʒ | ɡ | ɢ | |||
Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | x 2 | χ | h | |
voiced | ( v ) | z | ʒ | ɣ 2 | ʁ 3 | |||
Nasal | m | n | ɲ 1 | |||||
Tap / Trill | ɾ 5 | |||||||
Approximant | ʋ | l | j | ( w ) |
Vocabulary
In comparison with other Iranian languages , Luri has been less affected by foreign languages such as Arabic and Turkic . Nowadays, many ancient Iranian language characteristics are preserved and can be observed in Luri grammar and vocabulary. According to diverse regional and socio-ecological conditions and due to longtime social interrelations with adjacent ethnic groups especially Kurds and Persian people , different dialects of Luri, despite mainly common characteristics, have significant differences. The northern dialect tends to have more Kurdish loanwords inside and southern dialects ( Bakhtiari and Southern Luri) have been more exposed to Persian loanwords. [21]
See also
References
- ↑ Northern Luri at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- 1 2 Dougherty, Beth K.; Ghareeb, Edmund A. (2013). Historical Dictionary of Iraq . Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East (2nd ed.). Lanham: Scarecrow Press. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-8108-6845-8 .
- 1 2 3 4 Anonby, Erik John (July 2003). "Update on Luri: How many languages?" (PDF) . Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society . Series 3. 13 (2): 171–197. doi : 10.1017/S1356186303003067 . S2CID 162293895 .
-
↑
Anonby, Erik J. (20 December 2012).
"LORI LANGUAGE ii. Sociolinguistic Status"
.
Encyclopædia Iranica
.
ISSN
2330-4804
. Retrieved
2019-04-14
.
In 2003, the Lori-speaking population in Iran was estimated at 4.2 million speakers, or about 6 percent of the national figure (Anonby, 2003b, p. 173). Given the nationwide growth in population since then, the number of Lori speakers in 2012 is likely closer to 5 million.
- 1 2 G. R. Fazel, 'Lur', in Muslim Peoples: A World Ethnographic Survey, ed. R. V. Weekes (Westport, 1984), pp. 446–447
- ↑ Limbert, John (Spring 1968). "The Origin and Appearance of the Kurds in Pre-Islamic Iran". Iranian Studies . 1 (2): 41–51. doi : 10.1080/00210866808701350 . JSTOR 4309997 .
- ↑ C.S. Coon, "Iran:Demography and Ethnography" in Encyclopaedia of Islam , Volume IV, E. J. Brill, pp 10,8.
-
↑
Stilo, Donald (15 December 2007).
"Isfahan xxi. PROVINCIAL DIALECTS"
.
Encyclopædia Iranica
. Vol.
XIV, fasc. 1. pp.
93–112.
ISSN
2330-4804
. Retrieved
2019-04-14
.
While the modern SWI languages, for instance, Persian, Lori-Baḵtiāri and others, are derived directly from Old Persian through Middle Persian/Pahlavi
- 1 2 Digard, J.-P.; Windfuhr, G. L.; Ittig, A. (15 December 1988). "BAḴTĪĀRĪ TRIBE ii. The Baḵtīārī Dialect" . Encyclopædia Iranica . Vol. III, fasc. 5. pp. 553–560. ISSN 2330-4804 . Retrieved 2019-04-14 .
- 1 2 MacKinnon, Colin (7 January 2011). "LORI LANGUAGE i. LORI DIALECTS" . Encyclopædia Iranica . ISSN 2330-4804 . Retrieved 2019-04-14 .
- ↑ Paul, Ludwig (15 December 2008). "KURDISH LANGUAGE i. HISTORY OF THE KURDISH LANGUAGE" . Encyclopædia Iranica . ISSN 2330-4804 . Retrieved 2019-04-14 .
- ↑ "Language distribution: Ilam Province" . Iran Atlas . Retrieved 6 December 2020 .
- ↑ "Language distribution: Hamadan Province" . Retrieved 8 June 2022 .
- ↑ "Language distribution: Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiari Province" . Iran Atlas . Retrieved 6 December 2020 .
- ↑ "Language distribution: Esfahan Province" . Retrieved 8 June 2022 .
- ↑ "Atlas of the languages of Iran" . Retrieved 11 July 2022 .
- ↑ Anonby, Erik J. (20 December 2012). "LORI LANGUAGE ii. Sociolinguistic Status" . Encyclopædia Iranica . ISSN 2330-4804 . Retrieved 2019-04-14 .
-
↑
Anonby, Erik (2014).
Bakhtiari Studies: Phonology, Text, Lexicon
. Uppsala University.
{{ cite book }}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link ) - ↑ Anonby, Erik (2002). A Phonology of Southern Luri .
-
↑
Amanolahi; Thackston, Sekandar, Wheeler M. (1987).
Tales from Luristan
. Harvard Iranian Series, 4: Harvard University Press.
{{ cite book }}
: CS1 maint: location ( link ) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) - ↑ "Lur - History and Cultural Relations" . everyculture.com . Retrieved 2019-04-14 .
Further reading
- Freidl, Erika. 2015. Warm Hearts and Sharp Tongues: Life in 555 Proverbs from the Zagros Mountains of Iran. Vienna: New Academic Press. ISBN 978-3-7003-1925-2
- F. Vahman and G. Asatrian, Poetry of the Baxtiārīs: Love Poems, Wedding Songs, Lullabies, Laments , Copenhagen, 1995.
External links
- Dryer, Matthew S. ; Haspelmath, Martin , eds. (2013). "Lur" . World Atlas of Language Structures Online . Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Lor
- Bakhtiari tribe Lori dialect , Encyclopædia Iranica
- Luri language: How many languages? - By Erik John Anonby - The Royal Asiatic Society, 2003 - Printed in the UK
Official languages | |
---|---|
Regional languages | |
Minority languages | |
Sign languages |
Official languages | |
---|---|
Official minority languages | |
Other minority languages | |
Sign languages |
History | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eastern |
|
||||
Western |
|
||||
|
Authority control : National |
---|