List of south Italian principalities
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Following the collapse of Roman and later Lombard authority in southern Italy, a group of semi-independent principalities evolved between the 8th and 11th centuries:
- Principality of Benevento , a former Lombard duchy, independent from 774
- Principality of Salerno , split off from Benevento in 851
- Principality of Capua , split off from Benevento in 981
- Duchy of Naples , a former Byzantine province, a hereditary principality from 840
- Duchy of Gaeta , its ruler took the title Duke in 933
- Duchy of Amalfi , its ruler took the title Duke in 958
- Duchy of Sorrento , usually under the authority of Amalfi
- Emirate of Bari , an Arab state, founded in 847, conquered in 871
- Emirate of Sicily , independent from 965
- County of Aversa , a Norman fief of Naples from 1030, conquered Capua in 1058
- County of Sicily , the Norman conquest began in 1071, and was finished in 1091; the conquest of Malta was finished in 1127
- Duchy of Apulia and Calabria , the supreme Norman authority on the peninsula from 1047
Eventually, all of these principalities were united under Norman rule and merged into the Kingdom of Sicily , founded in 1130