Khuda
Persian word for God
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Khuda ( Persian : خُدا ; Ḵūdā ) is the Persian word for God . Originally, it was used in reference to Ahura Mazda (the name of the God in Zoroastrianism ) although it is now widely used to refer to the God in Islam as well. Iranian languages , Turkic languages , and many Indo-Aryan languages employ the word. [1] Today, it is a word that is largely used in the non-Arabic Islamic world , with wide usage from its native country Iran, Turkey, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and some Muslim-majority areas of India, as well as southern and southwestern Russia. [2] [3]
Etymology
The term derives from Middle Iranian terms xvatay, xwadag meaning "lord", "ruler", "master", appearing in written form in Parthian kwdy , in Middle Persian kwdy , and in Sogdian kwdy . It is the Middle Persian reflex of older Iranian forms such as Avestan x v a-dhata- "self-defined; autocrat ", an epithet of Ahura Mazda . The Pashto term Xdāi (خدۍ) is a variant of this.
Prosaic usage is found for example in the Sassanid title katak-xvatay to denote the head of a clan or extended household or in the title of the 6th century Khwaday-Namag "Book of Lords", from which the tales of Kayanian dynasty as found in the Shahnameh derive.
Zoroastrian usage
Semi-religious usage appears, for example, in the epithet zaman-i derang xvatay " time of the long dominion", as found in the Menog-i Khrad . The fourth and eighty-sixth entry of the Pazend prayer titled 101 Names of God , Harvesp-Khoda "Lord of All" and Khudawand "Lord of the Universe", respectively, are compounds involving Khuda . [4] Application of khuda as " the Lord" ( Ahura Mazda ) is represented in the first entry in the medieval Frahang-i Pahlavig .
Islamic usage
In Islamic times, the term came to be used for God in Islam , paralleling the Arabic name of God Al-Malik "Owner, King, Lord, Master".
The phrase Khoda Hafez (meaning May God be your Guardian ) is a parting phrase commonly used in across the Greater Iran region, in languages including Persian , Pashto and Kurdish . Furthermore, the term is also employed as a parting phrase in many languages across the Indian subcontinent including Urdu , Punjabi , Deccani , Sindhi , Bengali and Kashmiri . [5] [2]
It also exists as a popular loanword , used for God in Turkish ( Hüdâ ), [6] Bengali (খোদা), [7] Hindi-Urdu (ख़ुदा, خُدا), [1] Kazakh ( Xuda/Quda/Qudaı ), Uzbek ( Xudo ), Tatar ( Ходай ), Chinese ( Chinese : 胡达 ; pinyin : húdá [8] along with Chinese : 胡大 ; pinyin : húdà , [9] ), and other Indo-Aryan languages and Turkic languages .
Christian usage
In the Indian subcontinent , Christians who speak Hindi-Urdu translate the word "God" as "Khuda" (ख़ुदा, خُدا), though His personal name is rendered as " Yahovah " (यहोवा, یہوّاہ) or " Yahvah " (यहवा, یہوہ). Bible translations into Hindi and Urdu use these terms. [10] [11]
See also
References
- 1 2 Wagenaar, Henk W.; Parikh, S. S. (1993). Allied Chambers transliterated Hindi-Hindi-English dictionary . Allied Publishers. p. 314. ISBN 978-81-86062-10-4 .
- 1 2 Shamim, Almas Kiran (7 June 2011). "Allah Hafiz vs. Khuda Hafiz" . Two Circles . Retrieved 5 March 2019 .
-
↑
Ali, Syed Hamad (17 April 2012).
"In Pakistan, saying goodbye can be a religious statement"
.
The Guardian
.
Outside Pakistan, "Khuda hafiz" is also known to be used in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and among Muslims in India.
- ↑ Edalji Kersâspji Antiâ, Pazend texts , Bombay 1909, pp. 335–337.
- ↑ "Allah Hafiz instead of Khuda Hafiz, that's the worrying new mantra" . Indian Express . Archived from the original on 31 March 2007 . Retrieved 8 March 2007 .
- ↑ Zorlu, Tuncay (2008). Innovation and Empire in Turkey: Sultan Selim III and the Modernisation of the Ottoman Navy . I.B.Tauris. p. 116. ISBN 978-0857713599 .
- ↑ "খোদা ১ Bengali to English" , Accessible Dictionary , Bangla Academy , retrieved 24 February 2022
- ↑ Gladney, Dru C. (1996). Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People's Republic . Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University. p. 403. ISBN 978-0674594975 .
- ↑ Shi, Youwei (2020-12-30). Loanwords in the Chinese Language . Milton Park : Taylor & Francis . p. 81. ISBN 978-1000293517 .
- ↑ Ensign . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints . 1997. p. 22.
- ↑ Masih, M El (6 December 2017). From Persecution to the Promised Land . WestBow Press. ISBN 978-1-9736-0772-4 .