Jinshi
Highest award for the imperial examinations of China
Jinshi | |||||||||||||||
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Chinese name | |||||||||||||||
Traditional Chinese | 進士 | ||||||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 进士 | ||||||||||||||
Literal meaning | "entered scholar" | ||||||||||||||
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Vietnamese name | |||||||||||||||
Vietnamese alphabet | Tiến sĩ | ||||||||||||||
Hán-Nôm | 進士 | ||||||||||||||
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Jinshi ( Chinese : 進士 ; pinyin : jìnshì ) was the highest and final degree in the imperial examination in Imperial China . [1] [2] The examination was usually taken in the imperial capital in the palace, and was also called the Metropolitan Exam . Recipients are sometimes referred to in English-language sources as Imperial Scholars .
The jinshi degree was first created after the institutionalization of the civil service exam. Initially it had been "for six categories" but was later consolidated into a single degree. This system first appeared during the Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD). [2] Throughout the Tang Dynasty , every year around one to two percent of test takers would obtain a jinshi title out of a total of one to two thousand test takers. [3]
The numbers of Jinshi degrees given out were increased in the Song Dynasty , and the examinations were given every three years. Most senior officials of the Song Dynasty were jinshi holders. [4]
The Ming Dynasty resumed the civil-service exam after its occurrence became more irregular in the Yuan Dynasty . After the reign of the Emperor Yingzong of Ming , it became the rule that only jinshi holders could enter the Hanlin Academy . On average around 89 jinshi per year were conferred. [5]
During the Qing dynasty around 102 jinshi degrees were given a year.
The highest scoring jinshi in the country was known as the zhuangyuan , a term that survives today as a high scoring gaokao test taker or just someone who is very good at a skill.
Subtypes of jinshi recipients
-
Jinshi Jidi
(
進士及第
, lit. "distinguished
jinshi
"), graduates ranked first class in the court exam, usually only the top three individuals were qualified for this title.
- Zhuangyuan ( 狀元 , lit. "top thesis author"), the jinshi who ranked first overall nationwide.
- Bangyan ( 榜眼 , lit. "eyes positioned alongside"), the jinshi who ranked second overall just below zhuangyuan .
- Tanhua ( 探花 , lit. "flower snatcher"), the jinshi ranked third overall.
- Jinshi Chushen ( 進士出身 , lit. " jinshi background"), the graduates who ranked second class in court exam, ranking immediately after the tanhua .
- Tong Jinshi Chushen ( 同進士出身 , lit. "along with jinshi background"), graduates ranked third class in the court exam.
Notable jinshi recipients by year
Tang Dynasty
- Chen Zi'ang , (c. 685) poet who was important in helping to bring into being the type of poetry which is considered to be characteristically " Tang "
- Wang Changling (7??)
- Meng Jiao (7??)
- Lu Lun (7??)
- Yan Zhenqing (734), famed calligrapher
- Cen Shen (744)
- Liu Changqing (750s)
- Yuan Jie (754)
- Han Hong (poet) (754)
- Ouyang Zhan (792)
- Liu Yuxi (793)
- Li Ao (philosopher) (798)
- Cao Que (803)
- Li Guyan (812)
- Ma Zhi (819)
- Xiahou Zi (826)
- Xiao Fang (827)
- Du Mu (828)
- Xiao Qing (8??)
- Wei Cong (8??)
- Yu Cong (8??)
- Song Shenxi (8??)
- Lu Guangqi (8??)
- Sun Wo (8??)
- Pei Zhi (8??)
- Wang Pu (Tang dynasty) (8??)
- Pei Tan (9th-century Tang chancellor) (8??)
- Wei Fu (830)
- Du Shenquan (833-873)
- Cui Yanzhao (849)
- Yu Wuling (85?)
- Wang Hui (Tang dynasty) (858)
- Xiao Gou (864)
- Pi Rixiu (867)
- Pei Shu (871)
- Yang She (875)
- Ni Shu (877)
- Xue Yiju (87?)
- Zhao Guangyin (891)
- Shen Song (895)
- Wang Dingbao (900)
- Ma Yinsun (9??)
- Cui Xie (???)
- Liu Kai (Song dynasty) (973)
Song Dynasty
- Song Di (Fugu) (10??)
- Bao Zheng (1028)
- Cai Xiang (1030)
- Ouyang Xiu (1030)
- Chen Yuyi (1113)
- Qin Hui (1115)
- Yang Wanli (1154)
- Lu Zhi (poet) (1269)
Yuan dynasty
- Liu Bowen (c.1350)
Ming dynasty
- Yu Qian (1421)
- Han Yong (Ming dynasty) (1422)
- Yang Tinghe (1478)
- Xu Pu (1454)
- Lu Rong (1466)
- Wang Yangming (1499)
- Yan Song (1505)
- Zhu Wan (1521)
- Xu Jie (Ming dynasty) (1523)
- Luo Hongxian (1529)
- Zhao Wenhua (1529)
- Qian Dehong (1532)
- Fan Qin (1532)
- Gao Gong (1541)
- Liang Youyu (1550)
- Xu Zhongxing (1550)
- Gui Youguang , (1565) nine attempts [6]
- Tang Xianzu , ( c. 1571) playwright and government official [7]
- Li Shida (1574)
- Li Sancai (1574)
- Zang Maoxun (1580)
- Ye Xianggao (1583)
- Zhu Guozhen (Ming dynasty) (1589)
- Hong Chengchou (1616)
- Ruan Dacheng (1616)
- Ni Yuanlu (1621)
- Shi Kefa (1628)
- Sun Chuanting (1619)
- Liu Tong (1634)
- Zhou Lianggong , (1640) artist, calligrapher, and government official
- Zhao Yingcheng , (1646) scholar and mandarin of Jewish faith
- Han Weiji (1664)
Qing dynasty
- Jiang Tingxi (16??)
- Wei Yijie (1646)
- Chen Tingjing (1658), politician and scholar, tutor to the Kangxi Emperor and editor of the Kangxi Dictionary
- Guwen Guanzhi (1658)
- Ye Fang'ai (1659)
- Chen Menglei (1670)
- Xu Qianxue (1670)
- Li Guangdi (1670)
- Wang Hongxu (1673)
- Zhang Boxing (1685)
- Chen Pengnian (1691)
- Nian Gengyao (1700)
- Zhang Tingyu (1700), politician and historian, one of the first members of the Grand Council (Qing dynasty)
- Akdun (1709)
- Zhang Zhao (1709)
- Sun Jiagan (1713) ( Chinese : 孫嘉淦 ; pinyin : Sūn Jiāgàn , 1683–1753) officeholder of Libu Shilang , [note 1] Xingbu Shangshu [note 2] by 1730 [ citation needed ] , and later to Libu Shangshu in 1738. [8] He was degraded for disrespect in taking up the Qianlong Emperor's pencil to write with. However, the emperor restored him to office. [ citation needed ] After holding various posts, in 1741 Sun became Viceroy of Huguang , where he introduced the system of subsidized chiefs, in order to keep the aborigines under control.
- Liu Tongxun (1724)
- Yuan Mei (1739)
- Wei Yijie (1646) (魏裔介; 1616 – 1686) a prominent Han Chinese scholar and official serving in the early Qing Dynasty , during the rules of the Shunzhi Emperor , Oboi , and the Kangxi Emperor and was known for his focus and advocacy of the reformation the examination system
- Ji Yun (1754)
- Sun Shiyi (1761)
- Yao Nai (1763)
- Sun Yuting (1775)
- Ruan Yuan (1789)
- Gao E (writer) (1795)
- Peng Shaosheng (1740–1796)
- Lu Kun (1799)
- Bao Shichen (1808)
- Cheng Enze (1811)
- Lin Zexu (1811)
- Ge Yunfei (1823)
- Huang Juezi (1823)
- Luo Bingzhang (1832)
- Luo Zundian (1835)
- Zeng Guofan (1838)
- Feng Guifen (1840)
- Jiang Zhongyuan (1844) ( Chinese : 江忠源 ), courtesy name Changrui, ( 常孺 ) was a scholar and soldier from Hunan who fought for the Qing and against the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom during the Taiping Rebellion.
- Wenxiang (1845)
- Xue Fucheng (1845)
- Ma Xinyi (1847)
- Li Hongzhang (1847)
- Tan Zhonglin (1856)
- Lao Chongguang (18??)
- Liu Bingzhang (1860)
- Cuigiya Lianyuan (1868)
- Xu Jingcheng (1868)
- Qu Hongji (1871)
- Zhao Erxun (1874)
- Zuo Zongtang (1875), granted an "honorary jinshi " by the Guangxu Emperor for his military achievements
- Shen Jiaben (1883)
- Liang Qichao (1890)
- Huang Xing (1893)
- Wu Leichuan (1898)
- Xu Qian (1903)
- Theodone C. Hu (1906)
People who failed jinshi exams
See also
Notes
- ↑ Li Bu (in Chinese) , a ministry ( Bu ) for selecting civil servants ( Li ) in feudal China; Shi Lang (in Chinese) is an equivalent of Vice Minister.
- ↑ Xingbu Shangshu (in Chinese) , equivalent to today's Justice Minister .
References
- ↑ The Chinese Imperial Examination System: An Annotated Bibliography .
- 1 2 Hagras, Hamada (2019-12-20). "The Ming Court as Patron of the Chinese Islamic Architecture: The Case Study of the Daxuexi Mosque in Xi'an" . SHEDET (6): 134–158. doi : 10.36816/shedet.006.08 .
- ↑ Fu, Zhengyuan. Autocratic Tradition and Chinese Politics . p. 98.
- ↑ History of Song
- ↑ Ho 1962
- ↑ Wang Xijun (王錫爵; 1534–1611). Taipusi sicheng Guigong muzhiming (太僕寺丞歸公墓誌銘) [Gui Youguang's Epitaph]
-
↑
- Owen, Stephen , "Tang Xian-zu, Peony Pavilion: Selected Acts," in Stephen Owen, ed. An Anthology of Chinese Literature: Beginnings to 1911 . New York: W. W. Norton , 1997. p. 880-906 ( Archive ).
- ↑ Histories: Sun Jiagan dies (in Chinese) . Retrieved 9 Nov 2013.
- ↑ Gedalecia, David. The Philosophy of Wu Ch’eng: A Neo-Confucian of the Yüan Dynasty. Bloomington: Indiana University, 1999.