Evenki grammar
None
This article outlines the grammar of the Evenki language in both Cyrillic and Latin scripts.
Morphology notes
Vowel harmony
Like other Tungusic languages , Evenki employs vowel harmony . There are two rows ("first and second row") with two effectively neutral vowels, и ( i ) and у ( u ). [1]
First row | Second row | Neutral |
---|---|---|
а
a |
э
ə |
и
i |
е
e |
у
u |
|
о
o |
- Syllables containing first row vowels can only be followed by another syllables that contain first row vowels: а н а кт а д’ а р а н ( anaktad’aran ), э м э кт э д’ э р э н ( əməktəd’ərən ), and с о ӈ о кт о д’ о р о н ( soŋoktod’oron ).
Nouns
Pluralization
There are some rules of forming Evenki plurals: [2]
- The plural suffixes -л ( -l ) after vowels or -ил ( -il ) after consonants are usually used.
- бур ( bur ) : бур ил ( buril ) "islands"
- дю̄ ( ʒū ) : дю̄ л ( ʒul ) " yurts "
- However, after -н ( -n ), -р ( -r ) is used instead and the final consonant before the suffix is removed.
- орон ( oron ) : оро р ( oror ) "deers"
- Some nouns use -сал ( -sal ) in addition to the previous two suffixes. Notice that this suffix also removes -н ( -n ) from the stem.
- киран ( kiran ) : кира сал ( kirasal ) "eagles"
- There are also some irregular plurals of kinship terms:
- амын ( amin ) : амтыл ( amtil ) "fathers"
- эмын ( emin ) : эмтыл ( emtil ) "mothers"
- акин ( akin ) : акнил ( aknil ) "older brothers"
- экин ( ekin ) : экнил ( eknil ) "older sisters"
- нэкун ( nəkun ) : нэкнил ( nəknil ) "younger brothers, younger sisters"
- аса ( asa ) : асил ( asil ) "women"
- хунаг ( hunag ) : хунил ( hunil ) "girls"
Cases
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Evenki nouns are inflected for 13 cases: nominative , accusative , accusative indefinite, dative , illative , locative , prosecutive (longitudinal), directional locative, directional prosecutive, deferred, initial, instrumental , and joint cases. [3]
Case | Suffix | Notes |
---|---|---|
Nominative |
-∅ (no marker)
-∅ |
|
Accusative [4] |
-ва/-вэ/-во/-ма/-мэ/-мо
-va/-və/-vo/-ma/-mə/-mo |
Nouns in -н ( -n ) may use forms in -м- and remove the last consonant before the suffix ( орон ( oron ) → оро мо ( oromo ) "deer") |
Accusative indefinite [5] |
-я/-е/-ё/-а/-э/-о
-ja/-jə/-jo/-a/-ə/-o |
Nouns in -н ( -n ) may use one of the last three forms ( орон ( oron ) → орон о ( orono ) "deer") |
Dative [6] |
-ду/-ту
-du/-tu |
Nouns ending in voiceless consonants may use the form -ту ( -tu ) ( а̄мут → а̄мут ту "for (the) lake") |
Illative [7] |
-тыки/-тки
-tiki/-tki |
Nouns ending in vowels may use the form -тки ( -tki ) ( беру → беру тки "to (the) sheep") |
Possession
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Evenki nouns can also be inflected for possession, where a possessive suffix is attached to the noun based on features of the noun which possesses it. [8] [9] [10]
Final element in the stem → | Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person ↓ | Vowel | Most consonants | Nasal -n | -l | -r |
Singular | 1st person |
-в
-v |
-ив
-iv |
-мӣ
-mī |
-вӣ
-vī |
2nd person |
-с
-s |
-ис
-is |
-нӣ
-nī |
-лӣ
-lī |
-рӣ
-rī |
3rd person |
-н
-n |
-ин
-in |
|||
Plural | 1st person | exclusive |
-вун
-vun |
-мун
-mun |
-вун
-vun |
inclusive |
-т
-t |
-ит
-it |
-ты
-ty |
||
2nd person |
-сун
-sun |
-нун
-nun |
-лун
-lun |
-рун
-run |
|
3rd person |
-тын
-tyn |
References
- ↑ "Гармония гласных" . Эвенгус . Retrieved 20 February 2022 .
- ↑ "Единственное и множественное число имён существительных" . Эвенгус . Retrieved 19 February 2022 .
- ↑ "Падежи имён существительных" . Эвенгус . Retrieved 20 February 2022 .
- ↑ "Винительный падеж" . Эвенгус . Retrieved 19 February 2022 .
- ↑ "Винительный неопределённый падеж" . Эвенгус . Retrieved 21 February 2022 .
- ↑ "Дательный падеж" . Эвенгус . Retrieved 21 February 2022 .
- ↑ "Направительный падеж" . Эвенгус . Retrieved 1 March 2022 .
- ↑ "Лично-притяжательные суффиксы" . Эвенгус . Retrieved 23 March 2022 .
- ↑ Bulatova, Nadezhda; Grenoble, Lenore (1999). Evenki Grammar . München: Lincom Europa. p. 13.
- ↑ Nedjalkov, Igor (1997). Evenki . London: Routledge. p. 143-4.