Dual photon
Hypothetical particle dual to the photon
Composition | Elementary particle |
---|---|
Statistics | Bosonic |
Family | Gauge boson |
Interactions | Electromagnetic |
Status | Hypothetical |
Theorized | 2000s [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] |
Electric charge | 0 e |
Spin | 1 |
String theory |
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Fundamental objects |
Perturbative theory |
|
Non-perturbative results |
Phenomenology |
Mathematics |
Theorists
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In theoretical physics , the dual photon is a hypothetical elementary particle that is a dual of the photon under electric–magnetic duality which is predicted by some theoretical models, [3] [4] [5] including M-theory . [1] [2]
It has been shown that including magnetic monopole in Maxwell's equations introduces a singularity. The only way to avoid the singularity is to include a second four-vector potential, called dual photon, in addition to the usual four-vector potential, photon. [6] Additionally, it is found that the standard Lagrangian of electromagnetism is not dual symmetric (i.e. symmetric under rotation between electric and magnetic charges) which causes problems for the energy–momentum , spin , and orbital angular momentum tensors. To resolve this issue, a dual symmetric Lagrangian of electromagnetism has been proposed, [3] which has a self-consistent separation of the spin and orbital degrees of freedom. The Poincaré symmetries imply that the dual electromagnetism naturally makes self-consistent conservation laws. [3]
Dual electromagnetism
The free
electromagnetic field
is described by a covariant
antisymmetric tensor
of rank 2 by
where
is the electromagnetic potential.
The dual electromagnetic field
is defined as
where
denotes the
Hodge dual
, and
is the
Levi-Civita tensor
For the electromagnetic field and its dual field, we have
Then, for a given gauge field
, the dual configuration
is defined as
[2]
where
the field potential of the dual photon, and non-locally linked to the original field potential
.
p -form electrodynamics
A
p
-form generalization of Maxwell's theory of
electromagnetism
is described by a
gauge-invariant
2-form
defined as
-
.
which satisfies the equation of motion
where
is the
Hodge star operator
.
This implies the following
action
in the
spacetime
manifold
:
[7]
[8]
where
is the dual of the gauge-invariant 2-form
for the
electromagnetic field
.
Dark photon
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/67/Dark_Photons.png/220px-Dark_Photons.png)
The dark photon is a spin-1 boson associated with a U(1) gauge field , which could be massless [10] and behaves like electromagnetism . But, it could be unstable and massive, quickly decays into electron – positron pairs, and interact with electrons .
The dark photon was first suggested in 2008 by Lotty Ackerman, Matthew R. Buckley, Sean M. Carroll , and Marc Kamionkowski to explain the ' g –2 anomaly ' in experiment E821 at Brookhaven National Laboratory . [11] Nevertheless, it was ruled out in some experiments such as the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven. [12]
In 2015, the Hungarian Academy of Sciences's Institute for Nuclear Research in Debrecen , Hungary, suggested the existence of a new, light spin-1 boson , dubbed the X17 particle , 34 times heavier than the electron [13] that decays into a pair of electron and positron with a combined energy of 17 MeV. In 2016, it was proposed that it is an X-boson with a mass of 16.7 MeV that explains the g −2 muon anomaly . [13] [14]
See also
- Kalb–Ramond field – Two-form field
- p-form electrodynamics – Generalization of electrodynamics
- Dual graviton – Hypothetical particle found in supergravity
- Magnetic monopole – Hypothetical particle with one magnetic pole
- Magnetic photon , a different extension for magnetic monopoles
- 't Hooft loop – Magnetic loop operator dual to the Wilson loop
- Anomalous magnetic dipole moment – Quantum field-theoretic differences of magnetic properties than expected from classical theories
- Photon – Elementary particle or quantum of light
- Photino – Hypothetical superpartner of the photon
- Electromagnetism – Science of electricity and magnetism
- Electromagnetic mathematics – Formulations of electromagnetism
- Covariant Maxwell's equations – Ways of writing certain laws of physics
- Maxwell's equations – Electromagnetism in general relativity
- Dark photon – Hypothetical force carrier particle connected to dark matter
- Dark radiation – Postulated type of radiation that mediates interactions of dark matter
References
- 1 2 Tong, D.; Lambert, N. (2008). "Membranes on an Orbifold". Physical Review Letters . 101 (4): 041602. arXiv : 0804.1114 . Bibcode : 2008PhRvL.101d1602L . doi : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.041602 . PMID 18764318 . S2CID 655777 .
- 1 2 3 Bakas, I. (2010). "Dual photons and gravitons". Publ.Astron.Obs.Belgrade . 88 : 113–132. arXiv : 0910.1739 . Bibcode : 2010POBeo..88..113B .
- 1 2 3 4 Bliokh, K. Y.; Bekshaev, A. Y.; Nori, F. (2013). "Dual electromagnetism: helicity, spin, momentum and angular momentum". New Journal of Physics . 15 (3): 033026. arXiv : 1208.4523 . Bibcode : 2013NJPh...15c3026B . doi : 10.1088/1367-2630/15/3/033026 . S2CID 14501052 .
- 1 2 Elbistan, M.; Duval, C.; Horváthy, P. A.; Zhang, P.-M. (2016). "Duality and helicity: A symplectic viewpoint". Physics Letters B . 761 : 265–268. arXiv : 1608.01131 . Bibcode : 2016PhLB..761..265E . doi : 10.1016/j.physletb.2016.08.041 . S2CID 119176701 .
- 1 2 Elbistan, M.; Horváthy, P. A.; Zhang, P.-M. (2017). "Duality and helicity: the photon wave function approach". Physics Letters A . 381 (30): 2375–2379. arXiv : 1608.08573 . Bibcode : 2017PhLA..381.2375E . doi : 10.1016/j.physleta.2017.05.042 . S2CID 119180293 .
- ↑ Singleton, D. (1996). "Electromagnetism with magnetic charge and two photons". American Journal of Physics . 64 (4): 452–458. arXiv : 1106.1505 . Bibcode : 1996AmJPh..64..452S . doi : 10.1119/1.18191 . S2CID 119714958 .
- ↑ Henneaux, M.; Teitelboim, C. (1986). " p -Form electrodynamics". Foundations of Physics . 16 (7): 593–617. Bibcode : 1986FoPh...16..593H . doi : 10.1007/BF01889624 . S2CID 59436726 .
- ↑ Henneaux, M.; Bunster, C. (2011). "Action for twisted self-duality". Physical Review D . 83 (12): 125015. arXiv : 1103.3621 . Bibcode : 2011PhRvD..83l5015B . doi : 10.1103/PhysRevD.83.125015 . S2CID 119268081 .
- ↑ "Viewpoint: New Light Shed on Dark Photons" (Press release). American Physical Society . 10 November 2014.
- ↑ Carroll, Sean M. (October 29, 2008). "Dark photons" . Retrieved 23 February 2015 .
- ↑ Bennett, G. W.; Bousquet, B.; Brown, H. N.; Bunce, G.; Carey, R. M.; Cushman, P.; Danby, G. T.; Debevec, P. T. (2006-04-07). "Final report of the E821 muon anomalous magnetic moment measurement at BNL". Physical Review D . 73 (7): 072003. arXiv : hep-ex/0602035 . Bibcode : 2006PhRvD..73g2003B . doi : 10.1103/PhysRevD.73.072003 . S2CID 53539306 .
- ↑ Walsh, Karen McNulty (February 19, 2015). "Data from RHIC, other experiments nearly rule out role of 'dark photons' as explanation for 'g-2' anomaly" . PhysOrg . Retrieved 23 February 2015 .
- 1 2 Cartlidge, Edwin (2016). "Has a Hungarian physics lab found a fifth force of nature?" . Nature . doi : 10.1038/nature.2016.19957 . S2CID 124347962 .
- ↑ Feng, J. L.; Fornal, B.; Galon, I.; Gardner, S.; Smolinsky, J.; Tait, T. M. P.; Tanedo, P. (2016). "Protophobic Fifth-Force Interpretation of the Observed Anomaly in 8Be Nuclear Transitions" . Physical Review Letters . 117 (7): 071803. arXiv : 1604.07411 . Bibcode : 2016PhRvL.117g1803F . doi : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.071803 . PMID 27563952 . S2CID 206279817 .
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