Cottonseed meal
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Cottonseed meal is the byproduct remaining after cotton is ginned , the oil extracted, and the seeds crushed. Cottonseed meal is usually used for animal feed and in organic fertilizers . [1]
Cottonseed meal is about 40 percent protein by weight. [2] Compared to cellulose and lignin , proteins decompose rapidly and release nitrogen. [3] Unweathered, light-colored plant material such as hay , autumn tree leaves, sawdust , straw , woodchips , and wood shavings are nitrogen deficient, and do not decompose easily. Cottonseed meal, which is rich in nitrogen, is often mixed with these types of materials to improve decomposition speed. [4]
Whole cottonseed should not be fed to poultry and to ruminants like cattle, goats, and sheep. [2] Cottonseed meal also contains gossypol and cyclopropenoid fatty acids . [2] Cottonseed meal should only be fed to adult ruminants, as immature animals have less well-developed digestive systems. Gossypol is also highly toxic to monogastrics . [5] Cyclopropenoid fatty acids can have a number of effects, some adverse, such as reduced fertility in laying hens; alterations in the composition of fatty acids in blood plasma , the heart , the liver , and the ovaries ; the slowing of growth in young animals; and B vitamin deficiency. [6] The protein in cottonseed meal is also low in lysine . [2]
Glandless cottonseed was developed in the early 1960s. [7] Cottonseed meal derived from glandless cottonseed contains almost no gossypol. [2]
References
- ↑ Card, Adrian; David Whiting; Carl Wilson; Jean Reeder (2009). "CMG Garden Notes #234 Organic Fertilizers" (PDF) . Colorado State University Extension. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 19 April 2011 .
- 1 2 3 4 5 Jacob, Jacquie (2022). "Cottonseed Meal in Poultry Diets" . Extension.org . Retrieved May 11, 2022 .
- ↑ Ernest, Malea Garver (May 8, 2015). "Weekly Crop Update: Mulching Blueberries" . University of Delaware . Retrieved May 11, 2022 .
- ↑ Campbell, Stu (2001). Mulch It!: A Practical Guide to Using Mulch in the Garden and Landscape . Pownal, Vt.: Storey Books. pp. 18–19, 33. ISBN 9781580173162 .
- ↑ Morgan, Sandra. "Gossypol Toxcicity in Livestock" (PDF) . Oklahoma State University . Retrieved 19 April 2011 .
- ↑ Shone, G.G. (1966). "Adverse effects of cyclopropenoid fatty acids" . Proceedings of the Nutrition Society . 25 (1): 38–40. doi : 10.1079/pns19660009 . PMID 5953351 . S2CID 2387792 .
- ↑ Luses, E.W.; Jividen, G.M. (June 1987). "Glandless cottonseed: A review of the first 25 years of processing and utilization research". Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society . 64 (6): 839–854. doi : 10.1007/BF02641491 . S2CID 93455770 .
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