1913 in science
Overview of the events of 1913 in science
1913 in science |
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The year 1913 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Astronomy
- February 9 – Meteor procession of February 9, 1913 visible along a great circle arc 6,040 miles (9,720 km) across the Americas . Astronomer Clarence Chant concludes that the source was a small, short-lived natural satellite of the Earth. [1] [2]
- Berlin Observatory moves to Babelsberg .
Biology
Chemistry
- February – Daniel J. O'Conor and Herbert A. Faber file for a United States patent on the composite plastic laminate Formica . [3]
- Elmer McCollum and Marguerite Davis at the University of Wisconsin–Madison , and Lafayette Mendel and Thomas Burr Osborne at Yale University independently discover Vitamin A . [4]
- Protactinium is first identified by Oswald Helmuth Göhring and Kasimir Fajans .
- Henry Moseley shows that nuclear charge is the real basis for numbering the elements and discovers a systematic relation between wavelength and atomic number by using x-ray spectra obtained by diffraction in crystals. [5] Frederick Soddy proposes that isotopes (a term suggested by Margaret Todd which he introduces) may have differing atomic weights [6] while he and Fajams independently propose the radioactive displacement law of Fajans and Soddy . [7]
- J. J. Thomson shows that charged subatomic particles can be separated by their mass-to-charge ratio, the technique known as mass spectrometry . [8]
- The Bergius process was first developed and patented by German chemist Friedrich Bergius in 1913.
Climatology
- Charles Fabry and Henri Buisson discover the ozone layer .
Geology
- Albert A. Michelson measures tides in the solid body of the Earth
History of science
- March – First publication of Isis , the journal of the history of science edited by George Sarton , in Ghent .
- Pierre Duhem begins publication of Le Système du Monde: Histoire des Doctrines cosmologiques de Platon à Copernic in Paris .
Mathematics
- March 6 – First publication of Ludwig Wittgenstein's philosophy of mathematics , a polemical review of Peter Coffey 's The Science of Logic [9] written in 1912 when Wittgenstein was an undergraduate studying with Bertrand Russell.
- Publication of the 3rd volume of Principia Mathematica by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell , one of the most important and seminal works in mathematical logic and philosophy.
- Émile Borel first states the infinite monkey theorem in the way it will subsequently become known. [10]
Physics
- William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg work out the Bragg condition for strong X-ray reflection.
- Niels Bohr presents his quantum model of the atom . [11] [12] [13]
- William Crookes creates sunglass lenses.
- Robert Millikan measures the fundamental unit of electric charge .
- Georges Sagnac demonstrates the Sagnac effect , showing that light propagates at a speed independent of the speed of its source. [14] [15] [16]
- Johannes Stark demonstrates that strong electric fields will split the Balmer spectral line series of hydrogen.
Physiology and medicine
- Nikolay Anichkov first demonstrates the significance and role of cholesterol in atherosclerosis pathogenesis. [17]
- Albert Schweitzer sets up the Albert Schweitzer Hospital at Lambaréné in French Equatorial Africa .
Psychology
- John B. Watson publishes the article "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It" — sometimes called "The Behaviorist Manifesto". [18]
Technology
- April 29 – Swedish American engineer Gideon Sundback of Hoboken, New Jersey , patents the all-purpose zipper .
- May 26 (May 13 O.S. ) – Igor Sikorsky flies the world's first 4-engine fixed-wing aircraft , his Bolshoi Baltisky biplane , near Saint Petersburg . [19] [20]
- August – Invention of stainless steel by Harry Brearley in Sheffield , England (concurrent with the invention of another type in the United States by Elwood Haynes ). [21]
- Oskar Barnack of Leitz produces the first 35 mm film miniature still camera.
- French inventor René Lorin patents the ramjet , but attempts to build a prototype fail due to inadequate materials. [22]
Publications
- Die Naturwissenschaften first published by Die Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e. V.
- Journal of Ecology first published.
Awards
Births
- January 31 – Murray Bowen (died 1990 ), American psychiatrist and pioneer of family therapy .
- February 28 – David Hawkins (died 2002 ), American philosopher of science and mathematics and science educator.
- March 2 – Georgy Flyorov (died 1990 ), Russian physicist who is known for his discovery of the spontaneous fission.
- March 26 – Paul Erdős (died 1996 ), Hungarian mathematician . [23]
- April 20 – Willi Hennig (died 1976 ), German entomologist and pioneer of cladistics .
- April 30 – Genevieve Grotjan Feinstein (died 2006 ), American mathematician and cryptanalyst .
- May 13 – Erich Lackner (died 1992 ), Austrian -born German civil engineer.
- June 10 – Edward Abraham (died 1999 ), English biochemist .
- August 20 – Roger Wolcott Sperry (died 1994 ), American neuropsychologist , neurobiologist and Nobel laureate .
- August 22 – Bruno Pontecorvo (died 1993 ), Italian -born physicist .
- October 10 – Remy Chauvin (died 2009 ), French biologist and entomologist .
- November 12 – Joel Elkes (died 2015 ), Königsberg -born pharmacologist .
Deaths
- January 2 – Léon Teisserenc de Bort (born 1855 ), French meteorologist.
- January 18 – George Alexander Gibson (born 1854 ), Scottish physician and geologist.
- February 20 – Robert von Lieben (born 1878 ), Austrian physicist .
- April 14 – Carl Hagenbeck (born 1844 ), German zoologist.
- April 26 – Sigismond Jaccoud (born 1830 ), Swiss-born French physician.
- May 28 – John Lubbock (born 1834 ), English naturalist and archaeologist.
- August 3 – Josephine Cochrane (born 1839 ), American inventor of the first commercially successful dishwasher.
- September 29 – Rudolf Diesel (born 1858 ), German mechanical engineer (lost overboard this night).
- November 7 – Alfred Russel Wallace (born 1823 ), British biologist.
References
- ↑ Chant, C. (1913). "An Extraordinary Meteoric Display". Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada . 7 : 145–19. Bibcode : 1913JRASC...7..145C .
- ↑ O'Keefe, J. A. (1991). "The Cyrillid Shower: Remnant of a Circumterrestrial Ring?" . Abstracts of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference . 22 : 995. Bibcode : 1991LPI....22..995O .
- ↑ "Our Legacy – Early Years" . Formica Corporation. Archived from the original on 2011-03-24 . Retrieved 2012-06-08 .
- ↑ Original papers published in Journal of Biological Chemistry . Rosenfeld, Louis (April 1997). "Vitamine—vitamin: The early years of discovery" . Clinical Chemistry . American Association for Clinical Chemistry. 43 (4): 680–685. doi : 10.1093/clinchem/43.4.680 . PMID 9105273 . Archived from the original on 2016-06-04 . Retrieved 2016-07-24 .
- ↑ Weisstein, Eric W. (1996). "Moseley, Henry (1887–1915)" . Eric Weisstein's World of Scientific Biography . Wolfram Research Products . Retrieved 2007-03-25 .
- ↑ "Frederick Soddy: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921" . Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1901–1921 . Elsevier. 1966 . Retrieved 2007-03-25 .
- ↑ Fajans, Kasimir (1913). "Über eine Beziehung zwischen der Art einer radioaktiven Umwandlung und dem elektrochemischen Verhalten der betreffenden Radioelemente" [ On a relation between the type of radioactive transformation and the electrochemical behavior of the relevant radioactive elements ] . Physikalische Zeitschrift . 14 : 131–136.
- ↑ "Early Mass Spectrometry" . A History of Mass Spectrometry . Scripps Center for Mass Spectrometry. 2005. Archived from the original on 2007-03-03 . Retrieved 2007-03-26 .
- ↑ "Review" . The Cambridge Review . 34 (853): 351. Archived from the original on 2006-04-30 . Retrieved 2016-11-06 .
- ↑ Borel, Émile (1913). "Mécanique statistique et irréversibilité". Journal de Physique . 5e série. 3 : 189–196.
- ↑ Bohr, N. (1913). "On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules" (PDF) . Philosophical Magazine . Series 6. London. 26 (151): 1–25. Bibcode : 1913PMag...26....1B . doi : 10.1080/14786441308634955 . Retrieved 2012-01-24 .
- ↑ Bohr, N. (1913). "Part II – Systems containing only a Single Nucleus" (PDF) . Philosophical Magazine . 26 : 476–502. Bibcode : 1913PMag...26..476B . doi : 10.1080/14786441308634993 . Retrieved 2012-01-24 .
- ↑ "Niels Bohr: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922" . Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1922–1941 . Elsevier. 1966 . Retrieved 2007-03-25 .
- ↑ Sagnac, Georges (1913). "The demonstration of the luminiferous aether by an interferometer in uniform rotation" . Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences . 157 : 708–710.
- ↑ Sagnac, Georges (1913). "On the proof of the reality of the luminiferous aether by the experiment with a rotating interferometer" . Comptes rendus . 157 : 1410–1413.
- ↑ Quintin, M. (1996). "Qui a découvert la fluorescence X ?" . Journal de Physique IV . 6 (4) . Retrieved 2012-06-21 .
- ↑ Anitschkow, N.; Chalatow, S. (1983). "On experimental cholesterin steatosis and its significance in the origin of some pathological processes" . Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology . 3 : 178–182. doi : 10.1161/01.ATV.3.2.178 . Originally published 1913 in Centralblatt für allgemeine Pathologie und pathologische Anatomie (in German) XXIV : 1-9.
- ↑ Psychological Review 20 : pp. 158-177.
- ↑ Sikorsky, Sergei I. (2007). The Sikorsky Legacy . Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-7385-4995-8 . Retrieved 2012-05-12 .
- ↑ Oakes, Elizabeth H., ed. (2007). "Sikorsky, Igor". Encyclopedia of World Scientists (Rev. ed.). Infobase Publishing. p. 667.
- ↑ Penguin Pocket On This Day . Penguin Reference Library. 2006. p. 94. ISBN 0-14-102715-0 .
- ↑ Zucker, Robert D.; Biblarz, Oscar (2002). Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics . Wiley. ISBN 0-471-05967-6 .
- ↑ "Paul Erdős - Hungarian mathematician" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 21 February 2018 .